MurmurHash

MurmurHash

MurmurHash 是一种非加密hash功能,适用于基于hash的一般查找。由Austin Appleby在2008年发明, 并出现了多个变种,目前托管在github。该名称来自两个基本操作,乘 multiply 和 旋转 rotate(该算法实际上使用shift和xor而不是rotate),用于其内循环。与其它流行的哈希函数相比,对于规律性较强的key,MurmurHash的随机分布特征表现更良好。

Redis在实现字典时用到了两种不同的哈希算法,MurmurHash便是其中一种(另一种是djb),在Redis中应用十分广泛,包括数据库、集群、哈希键、阻塞操作等功能都用到了这个算法。该算法最新版本是MurmurHash3,基于MurmurHash2改进了一些小瑕疵,使得速度更快,实现了32位(低延时)、128位HashKey,尤其对大块的数据,具有较高的平衡性与低碰撞率。

算法伪码

下面是维基百科的伪码:

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
algorithm Murmur3_32 is
// Note: In this version, all arithmetic is performed with unsigned 32-bit integers.
// In the case of overflow, the result is reduced modulo 232.
input: key, len, seed

c1 ← 0xcc9e2d51
c2 ← 0x1b873593
r1 ← 15
r2 ← 13
m ← 5
n ← 0xe6546b64

hash ← seed

for each fourByteChunk of key do
k ← fourByteChunk

k ← k × c1
k ← k ROL r1
k ← k × c2

hashhash XOR k
hashhash ROL r2
hash ← (hash × m) + n

with any remainingBytesInKey do
remainingBytes ← SwapToLittleEndian(remainingBytesInKey)
// Note: Endian swapping is only necessary on big-endian machines.
// The purpose is to place the meaningful digits towards the low end of the value,
// so that these digits have the greatest potential to affect the low range digits
// in the subsequent multiplication. Consider that locating the meaningful digits
// in the high range would produce a greater effect upon the high digits of the
// multiplication, and notably, that such high digits are likely to be discarded
// by the modulo arithmetic under overflow. We don't want that.

remainingBytes ← remainingBytes × c1
remainingBytes ← remainingBytes ROL r1
remainingBytes ← remainingBytes × c2

hash ← hash XOR remainingBytes

hash ← hash XOR len

hash ← hash XOR (hash >> 16)
hash ← hash × 0x85ebca6b
hash ← hash XOR (hash >> 13)
hash ← hash × 0xc2b2ae35
hash ← hash XOR (hash >> 16)

代码实现

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
public class MurmurHash {

/** 32bits 的长度是 4Byte */
private static final int CHUNK_SIZE = 4;

// 使用模拟退火算法求出了最合适的参数
private static final int C1 = 0xcc9e2d51;
private static final int C2 = 0x1b873593;

/**
* JVM采用大端方式存多字节的数据,获取对应的小端存储值.
* @param input 字节数组
* @param offset 偏移量起点
* @return
*/
private static int getIntLittleEndian(byte[] input, int offset) {
return input[offset + 3]& 0xff << 24
| input[offset + 2]& 0xff << 16
| input[offset + 1] & 0xff << 8
|input[offset] & 0xff;
}

/**
* K mix
* @param k
* @return
*/
private static int mixK(int k) {
k *= C1;
k = Integer.rotateLeft(k, 15);
k *= C2;
return k;
}

/**
* h mix
* @param h
* @param k
* @return
*/
private static int mixHash(int h, int k) {
h ^= k;
h = Integer.rotateLeft(h, 13);
h = h * 5 + 0xe6546b64;
return h;
}

/**
* byte 转 Int
* @param value
* @return
*/
private static int toInt(byte value){
return value & 0xff;
}

// Finalization mix - force all bits of a hash block to avalanche
private static int fmix(int hash, int length) {
hash ^= length;
hash ^= hash >>> 16;
hash *= 0x85ebca6b;
hash ^= hash >>> 13;
hash *= 0xc2b2ae35;
hash ^= hash >>> 16;
return hash;
}
// --------------------------- 入口函数 ---------------------------
/**
* Murmur3_32的Hash求值函数
* @param seed seed 种子(无符号数)
* @param key 待求hash的key值(二进制数组)
* @param offset start offset of the array to hash
* @param len length length of the array to hash
* @return
*/
public static int murmurhash3_x86_32(byte[] key,int offset, int len,int seed){
// 使用种子作为初始值
int hash= seed;
int i;
// 每次读4个byte
for (i = 0; i + CHUNK_SIZE <= len; i += CHUNK_SIZE) {
int k= mixK(getIntLittleEndian(key,offset+i));
hash = mixHash(hash, k);
}
// 当没有读净buffer时,处理尾部
int k1 = 0;
for (int shift = 0; i < len; i++, shift += 8) {
k1 ^= toInt(key[offset + i]) << shift;
}
hash ^= mixK(k1);
return fmix(hash, len);
}
// --------------------------- 包装方法 ---------------------------
/**
* 字符串基于Murmur3_32的Hash求值函数
* @param seed 种子(无符号数)
* @param key 待求hash的key值
* @param charset key的字符集
* @return 32位Hash值
*/
public static int murmurhash3_x86_32_Str(int seed, String key, Charset charset){
byte[] data = key.getBytes(charset);
return murmurhash3_x86_32(data,0,data.length,seed);
}
}

github 地址

参考